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This guide walks procurement engineers and product designers through a practical casting alloy selection method – a way to choose among the common cast alloys — gray iron, ductile iron, carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and zinc — using real mechanical numbers and shop-floor cost logic rather than catalog marketing. Reference points come from AFS alloy selection guidance and ASTM material standards.

Why Casting Alloy Selection Goes Wrong

Most alloy mistakes come from one of three shortcuts:

• Copying a spec from an old drawing — the original alloy was chosen decades ago for a different load, and nobody re-validated it.
• Specifying the strongest alloy “to be safe” — stainless where ductile iron would do, driving up cost and lead time for no functional gain.
• Ignoring the environment — a carbon steel part placed in a wet or mildly corrosive application and left uncoated.

A sound selection weighs three axes at once: mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and total cost. The table below maps the main cast alloys against all three.

The Casting Alloy Family Tree

Tensile strength is only the headline number in casting alloy selection. Ductile iron, for example, matches many carbon steel grades on strength but costs materially less and casts more cleanly in thin sections. The choice is rarely about “strongest wins.”

Strength: Reading Mechanical Properties Without the Jargon

Four numbers tell you most of what you need for a static load application:

• Tensile strength (UTS) — the maximum pulling stress before fracture. Your design working stress should be a fraction of this, not near it.
• Yield strength — where permanent deformation begins. Matters more than UTS for parts that must not distort in service.
• Elongation (%) — how much it stretches before breaking. Gray iron is brittle (under 1%); ductile iron and steels are ductile (3–18%).
• Hardness — resistance to indentation; a proxy for machinability and wear resistance.

A part under pure compression or with heavy vibration behaves differently from one under constant tension – which is why casting alloy selection cannot stop at a single tensile number Gray iron’s damping capacity and castability make it ideal for machine bases and housings despite its low elongation, while a load-bearing bracket that sees shock should lean toward ductile iron or steel. See our przewodnik po odlewaniu metali for how the process choice interacts with alloy choice.

When to pay for extra strength

Upgrade only when the load or safety factor demands it. A pump housing carrying moderate internal pressure may run fine in gray iron for decades; the same housing in a high-pressure or cryogenic service should move to carbon steel or a stainless grade. Match the spec to the duty, not to fear.

Corrosion Resistance: Matching Alloy to Environment

Corrosion is where casting alloy selection quietly fails. The rule of thumb: match the alloy to the service environment, then decide whether a coating closes the gap.

• Indoor / dry — gray iron, carbon steel, and zinc all survive; no premium needed.
• Fresh water / humidity — ductile iron or carbon steel with a coating (paint, galvanizing, or powder coat); or stainless for wet contact.
• Salt water / marine — 316-type stainless (CF8M) or a corrosion-resistant aluminum grade; uncoated steel will fail quickly.
• Chemical / high temperature — alloy steels and heat-resistant stainless grades selected per the specific media.

Cost: The Total-Weight vs Per-Part Trap

Buyers often compare alloys by price per kilogram and miss the real cost drivers of casting alloy selection. Aluminum costs more per kilogram than iron, yet an aluminum part can end up cheaper because it is a third of the weight and machines faster. Zinc costs more per kilogram too, but its low melting point enables high-cavitation die casting at very low per-part cost in volume.

Three numbers actually decide unit cost: raw material price, casting yield (melt weight vs finished part), and machining time. A harder alloy may save nothing if it doubles your tool wear and cycle time on the machine. When volume and geometry also matter, see our odlewanie w formach piaskowych a odlewanie metodą woskową comparison for the process side of the decision.

A Practical Casting Alloy Selection Workflow

1. List the actual service conditions: load type, magnitude, temperature, and exposure.
2. Pick the minimum alloy that meets strength and corrosion requirements — not the maximum.
3. Check castability and section thickness against the alloy (thin walls favor ductile iron, aluminum, or zinc over gray iron).
4. Estimate total cost including yield and machining, then compare per part — not per kilogram.
5. Confirm the grade against the relevant ASTM specification and lock it into the drawing.

When the choice is genuinely close, a foundry with in-house pattern, casting, and machining can produce short-run samples in two candidate alloys so you can measure cost and performance before committing to full production.

FAQ

What is the cheapest cast alloy for a non-corrosive structural part?

Gray iron is typically the lowest-cost option for non-corrosive structural and vibration-damping parts. Ductile iron is the next step up when the part needs more strength and some ductility at a still-low cost.

When should I choose stainless steel over carbon steel?

Choose stainless when the part sits in wet, marine, chemical, or high-temperature service where carbon steel would corrode or scale. For dry indoor structural use, carbon steel or ductile iron is usually the more economical choice.

Is aluminum always lighter and cheaper than iron?

Aluminum is always lighter, but not always cheaper. It can beat iron on total cost when weight savings reduce material, machining time, and shipping; for a heavy, low-volume structural casting, iron is usually more economical.

*Tensile figures are typical ASTM specification minimums and vary by grade and section thickness. Confirm final grades with AFS / ASTM references and your foundry’s in-house records.